Drought Stress in Grain Legumes during Reproduction and Grain Filling

Water scarcity is a major constraint limiting grain legume production particularly in the arid and semi‐arid tropics. Different climate models have predicted changes in rainfall distribution and frequent drought spells for the future. Although drought impedes the productivity of grain legumes at all growth stages, its occurrence during reproductive and grain development stages (terminal drought) is more critical and usually results in significant loss in grain yield. However, the extent of yield loss depends on the duration and intensity of the stress. A reduction in the rate of net photosynthesis, and poor grain set and grain development are the principal reasons for terminal drought‐induced loss in grain yield. Insight into the impact and resistance mechanism of terminal drought is required for effective crop improvement programmes aiming to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes. In this article, the impact of terminal drought on leaf development and senescence, light harvesting and carbon fixation, and grain development and grain composition is discussed. The mechanisms of resistance, management options, and innovative breeding and functional genomics strategies to improve resistance to terminal drought in grain legumes are also discussed.     

放牧压力对草原砂质栗钙土微生物量C,N,P影响的研究

对不同放牧压力下草原砂质栗钙土微生物量C、N、P进行较为系统地研究。结果表明：就土壤原土来看,随着放牧压力的增大,土壤微生物量C,N先增加后减少;土壤微生物量C在放牧率2.67只羊/hm2时相对较高,微生物量P随着放牧压力的增大逐渐降低。     

NaCl胁迫对白蜡种子生理特性的影响

为了给盐碱地造林树种选择提供依据,以采自秦皇岛和保定的白蜡种子为试材,采用不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,研究了其萌发过程中发芽率、细胞膜透性、保护酶活性、丙二醛MDA的变化,结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,两地白蜡种子发芽率均呈现逐渐降低的变化趋势,秦皇岛各处理的白蜡种子发芽率分别比对照降低了8.9%、52.6%、56.3%、61.6%、87.9%、91.1%,而保定的白蜡种子分别比对照降低20.2%、56.2%、68.7%、86.5%、89.9%、100.0%;(2)随着浓度的升高,种子的相对电导值、K+、Na+渗透率升高,种子的SOD酶活性降低,MDA含量增加,NaCl胁迫浓度越高,种子所受到的伤害越深;(3)0.20%浓度的NaCl胁迫对白蜡种子萌发影响不大。对于不同种源的白蜡种子,秦皇岛的白蜡种子抗盐性要优于保定的白蜡种子。     

Comparison of 2 methods for establishing rat model of chronic osmotic diarrhea

AIM: To compare 2 different rat models of chronic osmotic diarrhea with the lactose enrichment and magnesium citrate methods. METHODS: The SD rats (n=31) were randomly divided into lactose enrichment diarrhea group (Lac group, 12 rats), magnesium citrate diarrhea group (Mg group, 12 rats) and normal control group (Con group, 7 rats). The rats in Lac group were fed with a lactose enrichment diet and freely drank water. The rats in Mg group were fed with a standard diet and drank magnesium citrate solution. The Con group was fed with a standard diet and normal water. The general conditions and the characteristics of stool were observed every day. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats were measured after diarrhea for 14 d. The trans-epithelial resistance of the colonic mucosa was detected by Ussing chamber. The pathological changes of villus height and villus surface area in the intestine were observed with hemato-xylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: The rats in both diarrhea groups displayed the clinical manifestations of slow increase in body weight, spare and dull hair, lacking in strength and physical inactivity. The grip strength and motor activity of the rats in both diarrhea groups decreased significantly compared with Con group. The diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of the rats in the 2 diarrhea groups were both significantly higher than those in Con group (P<0.05). Moreover, the diarrhea index in Lac group was significantly increased compared with Mg group. The thickness of intestinal mucosa in Lac group was thinner than that in Mg group at the same time. However, the damage of intestinal villi in Mg group was more serious than that in Lac group.CONCLUSION: Both methods of lactose enrichment-induced diarrhea and magnesium citrate-induced diarrhea meet the requirement of chronic osmotic diarrhea, but there are different advantages between the diarrhea models. Therefore, we should select the correct diarrhea model to meet different aims of the experiments.     

绕基础转动模式下刚性挡土墙主动土压力的计算

采用考虑墙体位移模式和转角的土压力计算方法,能较好地反映挡土墙实际工作条件下的位移情况,并且能计算挡土墙任意转角下的主动土压力,避免了采用库仑主动土压力理论计算得到土压力偏小而使设计安全度降低的缺点。因此,本文提出的土压力计算方法对挡土墙的设计及验算有一定的参考价值。     

缸内直喷汽油机旋流喷射喷雾特性影响因素的分析研究

为了研究影响缸内直喷汽油机高压旋流喷嘴喷雾特性的因素,对高压旋流喷射初始阶段运动进行了理论分析研究,确定了影响初始喷雾旋流体运动的无量纲参数。通过试验改变空心旋流体内外压差、初始旋流强度、旋流体油膜厚度,发现喷雾特性呈不同的变化趋势。随着旋流体内外压力差的增大,喷雾锥角明显减小而贯穿度变化不大;旋流强度增加,喷雾贯穿距离明显增加,而喷雾锥角变化不大;增加旋流体初始厚度,可以使喷雾在自由空间中外形尺寸增加。     

负压给水技术研究初探

我国水资源短缺,发展节水高效农业已成为现代农业可持续发展的必经之路.负压给水技术是一种新型的灌水技术,与传统灌溉方式相比,它具备节水、节能、精准、高效等多项优势.分析了负压给水技术的优点和技术难点,介绍了负压给水的研究进展.     

恒压喷灌系统喷洒水特性变化规律的试验研究

针对恒压喷灌系统压力变化的特性,通过试验得到了在不同工作压力及压力的周期变化情况下,ZY-1、ZY-2型喷头组合喷灌强度及均匀度的变化规律。结果表明,不同工作压力下,平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度与压力之间基本成线性关系;在一定的压力变幅下,系统压力的周期变化对平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度的影响较小,在压力周期不变的情况下,不同...     

燃料添加剂对均质压缩燃烧影响的试验

在一台改造的4缸柴油机的第4缸进行均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧试验，研究了添加剂对HCCI燃烧过程的影响。试验结果表明，在HCCI燃烧稳定工况下，没有添加剂的基础燃料PRF90（相当于90号汽油）着火滞后，燃烧放热峰值低，而混有添加剂的基础燃料则着火明显提前，燃烧放热峰值升高。在相同循环喷油量和相同转速的条件下，随着添加剂质量分数的增加，HCCI着火和燃烧放热提前，燃烧放热峰值提高，但过高的添加剂质量分数会使得发动机爆震，工作粗暴。     

微灌用网式过滤器局部水头损失的

在对网式过滤器进行了系统的水力性能试验基础上，分析了堵塞对过滤器局部水头损失的影响，指出过滤器的局部水头损失变化与过滤流量、过滤时间、水源含沙量有关，这些因素主要决定了过滤元件堵塞程度和变化快慢，即有效过水面积减小的频率，从而决定了额外局部水头损失增加的快慢程度。并提出了在含沙水条件下计算局部水头损失的经验关系式，指出过滤器在实际运用中，应保证压降曲线不发生急剧上升，并可以根据不同水质条件，确定其冲洗时的压差允许值和冲洗间隔时间。